Python 项目的 GitHub Actions CI 模板¶
下面这份配置适合大多数常规 Python 项目直接作为起点使用:
文件路径建议:.github/workflows/ci.yml
name: Python CI
on:
push:
branches: [main, develop]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
workflow_dispatch:
permissions:
contents: read
concurrency:
group: python-ci-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: true
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
strategy:
fail-fast: false
matrix:
python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
steps:
- name: Checkout code
uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
cache: pip
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
if [ -f requirements.txt ]; then pip install -r requirements.txt; fi
if [ -f requirements-dev.txt ]; then pip install -r requirements-dev.txt; fi
if [ -f pyproject.toml ]; then pip install -e .; fi
pip install pytest
- name: Lint
run: |
if python -m pip show ruff >/dev/null 2>&1; then
ruff check .
else
echo "ruff not installed, skip lint"
fi
- name: Test
run: pytest -q
- name: Upload test artifacts
if: failure()
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: pytest-debug-${{ matrix.python-version }}
path: |
.pytest_cache
.coverage
if-no-files-found: ignore
retention-days: 7
这份模板适合什么项目¶
适合:
- 使用 requirements.txt 管理依赖的 Python 项目
- 使用 pyproject.toml 的现代 Python 项目
- 使用 pytest 作为测试框架的项目
- 想先把 CI 跑起来,再逐步增强的项目
这份模板做了什么¶
push到main/develop时触发- 提交 PR 到
main时触发 - 支持手动触发
- 使用 Python 3.10 / 3.11 / 3.12 做矩阵测试
- 自动缓存 pip 依赖
- 安装基础依赖并运行
pytest - 如果装了
ruff,就顺手做 lint - 失败时上传一些调试产物
如果你的项目更简单¶
你也可以先用更小版本:
name: Python CI
on:
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: '3.11'
cache: pip
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install pytest
- name: Run tests
run: pytest
常见按需调整¶
1. 只保留一个 Python 版本¶
把:
strategy:
matrix:
python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
改成直接固定:
with:
python-version: '3.11'
2. 如果你用 Poetry¶
把安装部分改成:
- name: Install Poetry
run: pip install poetry
- name: Install dependencies
run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-root
- name: Test
run: poetry run pytest -q
3. 如果你用 Ruff + Pytest + Coverage¶
可以把核心步骤改成:
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install ruff pytest pytest-cov
- name: Lint
run: ruff check .
- name: Test
run: pytest --cov=. --cov-report=xml
- name: Upload coverage report
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: coverage-report
path: coverage.xml
if-no-files-found: ignore
4. 如果测试目录不是默认结构¶
比如你的测试在 tests/,也可以写明确一点:
- name: Test
run: pytest tests/ -q
最推荐的落地方式¶
如果你现在就要用:
- 先把上面的“更小版本”放进
.github/workflows/ci.yml - 确保本地先能跑通:
pytest - push 到 GitHub
- 到
Actions页面看日志 - 跑通后再加矩阵、lint、coverage
一个很实际的提醒¶
Python 项目 CI 最容易失败的 4 个点:
- 依赖文件不完整
- 本地能跑,CI 不能跑,通常是漏装依赖
- Python 版本和本地不一致
- 测试里依赖环境变量、数据库或外部服务,但 workflow 没准备这些条件
所以最稳妥的起步方式是:
- 先单版本
- 先 pytest
- 先不接数据库/Redis/外部 API
- 跑通后再逐步加复杂能力